Dog breeds are groups of closely related and visibly similar domestic dogs, which are all of the subspecies Canis lupus familiaris, having characteristic traits that are selected and maintained by humans, bred from a known foundation stock.[1] The term dog breed is also used to refer to natural breeds or landraces, which arose through time in response to a particular environment that included humans, with little or no selective breeding by humans.[2] Such breeds are undocumented, and are identified by their appearance and often by a style of working. Ancient dog breeds are some of the modern (documented) descendants of such natural breeds.
Contents
- 1 Description
- 2 Classification
- 3 History of dog breeds
- 4 Development of dog breeds
- 5 Genetics
6 Dog breed documentation- 7 Groups of dogs mistaken for breeds
- 8 List
- 9 Images
- 10 See also
- 11 References
- 12 External links
Description
Dog breeds are not scientifically defined biological classifications, but rather are groupings defined by clubs of hobbyists called breed clubs. A dog breed is represented by a sufficient number of individuals to stably transfer its specific characteristics over generations. Dogs of same breed have similar characteristics of appearance and behavior, primarily because they come from a select set of ancestors who had the same characteristics.[3] Dogs of a specific breed breed true, producing young closely similar to the parents. An individual dog is identified as a member of a breed through proof of ancestry, using genetic analysis or written records of ancestry. Without such proof, identification of a specific breed is not reliable.[4] Such records, called stud books, may be maintained by individuals, clubs, or other organizations.
Classification
In biology, subspecies, race and breed are equivalent terms. Breed is usually applied to domestic animals; species and subspecies, to wild animals and to plants; and race, to humans.[5] Colloquial use of the term dog breed, however, does not conform to scientific standards of taxonomic classification. Breeds do not meet the criteria for subspecies since they are all one species; Canis lupus familiaris, which is considered a subspecies of the gray wolf. Interbreeding group of individuals who pass on characteristic traits and would likely merge back into a single homogenous group if external barriers were removed, like selective breeding. The recognition of distinct dog breeds is not maintained by a scientific organization; they are maintained by a number of independent kennel clubs that need not apply to scientific standards and are often inconsistent. For instance, the Belgian Shepherd Dog is separated into four distinct breeds by some clubs, but not in others. Further, some groups of dogs which clearly share a persistent set of characteristics and documented descent from a known foundation stock may still not be recognized by some clubs as breeds. For instance, the feist is a hunting dog raised in the Southern United States for hunting small game. Feists have a consistent set of characteristics that reliably differentiate them from other dog types and breeds. However, the United Kennel Club recognizes one breed of feist, the Treeing Feist, while the American Kennel Club does not recognize any feist breed.
A dog is said to be purebred if their parents were purebred and if the dog meets the standards of the breed. Purebred dog breeders of today “have inherited a breeding paradigm that is, at the very least, a bit anachronistic in light of modern genetic knowledge, and that first arose out of a pretty blatant misinterpretation of Darwin and an enthusiasm for social theories that have long been discredited as scientifically insupportable and morally questionable.”[6] Morally questionable policies regarding purity of breed include obligatory surgical procedures to spay or neuter animals in numerous contexts. The American Kennel Club, for instance, allows mixed-breed dogs to be shown but requires these animals to be altered. It doesn’t make such requirements for purebred dogs. California Assembly Act AB 1634 was a bill introduced in 2007 that would require all non-working dogs of mixed breed over the age of 6 months to be neutered or spayed.[7] The bill was morally controversial, leading the American Kennel Club to fight the bill.[8]
The clear genetic distinction between breeds of dog has made dogs of specific breeds good subjects for genetic and human medical research. “Using the dog as a discovery tool” in studying how cancer affects specific breeds may lead to identifying “susceptibility genes that have proved intractable in human families and populations.”[9]
History of dog breeds
Initial dog selections centered on helpful behavior such as barking at unfamiliar creatures and people, guarding livestock, or hunting game. Some dog breeds (such as Saluki[10] or New Guinea Singing Dogs) have been bred for thousands of years. Some working dog breeds such as German Shepherd or Labrador Retriever[11] were established in the last few hundred years. More recently, dogs have been selected for attractiveness and distinctive features, resulting in a vast variety of breeds. Similar dog breeds are classified by dog registries in dog breed groups.
Groups of individuals that have dogs of the same breed often unite into national breed clubs, describing their dogs in specific language by writing a breed standard.[12] Breed standards prescribe the most desirable specimen attributes and working abilities for purebred dogs of that breed as well as undesirable traits. National breed clubs promote their breeds via the local breed registry and international organizations. Dogs recognized by the main breed registries are said to be “purebred”.
Development of dog breeds
- For the history and development of the dog, see Origin of the domestic dog, Ancient dog breeds, and Dog type.
There is much speculation but little evidence about why canids came to live with or near humans, possibly as long as 100,000 years ago.[13] With the beginnings of agriculture around 12,000 years ago, humans began making use of dogs in various ways, resulting in physical differences between dogs and their wolf ancestors.[14] In earlier times, little was written about dogs, although there were known dog types or landrace dogs, which developed over time with minimal human intervention, to fit in with the environment (including human culture) in which the dogs lived or live.[15][16] Dog breeds in the modern sense date only to the accurate documenting of pedigrees with the establishment of the English Kennel Club in 1873, in imitation of other stud book registries for cattle and horses.[17]
Many dog breeds today have names of original landrace types, such as the Border Collie. Other landrace types, such as retrievers, have been made more uniform in appearance through selective breeding, and developed into a variety of distinctive breeds.[18] Varieties of purebred dogs kept for working purposes can vary in appearance from purebred dogs of the same breed kept as showdogs and pets.[19]
New dog breeds are being continually created. They are either accidentally or purposely crossbred from existing breeds, developed for a specific style of work, or created just for marketing purposes. Recently discovered semi-feral and landrace types such as the New Guinea Singing Dog have been documented and registered as breeds for purposes of preservation. The Canadian department of agriculture has strict standards for the documenting of what it calls “emerging breeds”.[20] Many registries which require minimal documentation are available for registering new and existing breeds of dog.[21] In general, a dog can only be guaranteed to be of a specific breed if it is documented in the stud book of a major dog registry or breed registry.[22]
Genetics
Dog breeds can now be analyzed through genetics. Genetic markers (microsatellite markers and single-nucleotide polymorphisms) have been analyzed and a representative sample of 85 breeds were placed into four clusters, each cluster having shared ancestors. Cluster 1 is thought to be the oldest, including African and Asian dogs. Cluster 2 is mastiff type dogs; cluster 3 is herding dogs, and cluster 4 modern hunting type dogs (mostly developed in Europe in the 1800s.)[23]
Note: Relationships uncovered through genetics may not match “official” breed histories. The following breed lists are based on genetic research, not traditional beliefs about dog breeds.
- Cluster 1 (Thought to be older lineages):[23]Afghan Hound, Akita Inu,[24]Alaskan Malamute, Basenji, Chow Chow, Irish Wolfhound, Lhasa Apso, Pekingese, Saluki, Samoyed, Shar Pei, Shiba Inu, Shih Tzu, Siberian Husky, Tibetan Terrier.
- Cluster 2 (Mastiff-type):[23]Bernese Mountain Dog, Boxer, Bulldog, Bullmastiff, French Bulldog, Cierny Sery, Greater Swiss Mountain Dog, Labrador Retriever, Mastiff, Miniature Bull Terrier, Newfoundland, Presa Canario, Rottweiler.
- Cluster 3 (Herding):[23]Belgian Sheepdog, German Shepherd Dog, Belgian Tervuren, Borzoi, Collie, Greyhound, Pug, St. Bernard, Shetland Sheepdog.
- Cluster 4 (Modern/hunting dogs):[23]Airedale Terrier, American Cocker Spaniel, American Hairless Terrier, American Water Spaniel, Australian Shepherd, Australian Terrier, Basset Hound, Beagle, Bedlington Terrier, Bichon Frise, Bloodhound, Border Collie, Cairn Terrier, Cavalier King Charles Spaniel, Chesapeake Bay Retriever, Chihuahua, Clumber Spaniel, Dachshund, Doberman Pinscher, English Cocker Spaniel, Flat Coated Retriever, German Shorthaired Pointer, Giant Schnauzer, Golden Retriever, Great Dane, Ibizan Hound, Irish Setter, Irish Terrier, Italian Greyhound, Keeshond, Kerry Blue Terrier, Komondor, Kuvasz, Manchester Terrier, Miniature Schnauzer, Norwegian Elkhound, Old English Sheepdog, Pharaoh Hound, Pointer, Pomeranian, Portuguese Water Dog, Pit Bull Terrier, Rhodesian Ridgeback, Schipperke, Soft Coated Wheaten Terrier, Standard Poodle, Standard Schnauzer, Welsh Springer Spaniel, West Highland White Terrier, Whippet.
Dog breed documentation
Stud books
Dog breeds are documented in lists of antecedents called a stud book.[25]
Dog breeds that have been documented may be accepted into one or more of the major registries (kennel clubs) of dog breeds, including the Fédération Cynologique Internationale (covering 84 countries), The Kennel Club (UK), the Canadian Kennel Club, the American Kennel Club, the United Kennel Clubs International, the Australian National Kennel Council and the New Zealand Kennel Club, and other national registries. The registry places the breed into the appropriate category, called a group. Some Groups may be further subdivided by some registries. When the breed is fully accepted, the stud book is closed and only dogs bred from dogs in the stud book will be accepted for registration.[26] These dogs are referred to as purebred.
Dog breed clubs, especially of dogs bred for a particular kind of work, may maintain an open stud book and so may not be included in major registries. The dogs are still considered a breed. An example of this would be the Jack Russell Terrier Club of America.
Some dog breeds fit the definition of breed, especially breeds that develop naturally on islands or in isolated areas, but are few in number or have not been sufficiently documented to be registered with one of the major registries. An example of this would be the Kintamani Dog and other rare or independent breeds.
Breeds of dogs can be deliberately created in a relatively short period of time. When they breed true and have been sufficiently documented, they can be accepted by major registries. An example of this is the Cesky Terrier.[27]
Breed standards
Each dog breed has a written breed standard, a list of attributes that standardises the appearance of the breed, written by the breed’s founder or breed club. Dog are judged in Conformation dog shows on the basis of how closely the individual dog conforms to the breed standard. As the breed standard only covers external aspects of the dog’s appearance, breeding working dogs for show competition may cause appearance to be emphasised to the detriment of working ability.
Groups of dogs mistaken for breeds
Groups of dogs that may be mistaken for breeds include working dogs that are categorized by working style rather than appearance, even though they may be of various ancestry and may not breed true. The difference between a named group of working dogs and a breed of dogs can be unclear. Examples would be the huntaway and other livestock dogs of New Zealand, the feist dogs of the southern United States, and the Patagonian sheepdogs of Argentina, which are collies mixed with other working dogs.[28]
Landrace dogs are another grouping that often have been named, but they’re not always considered breeds.[29] “Landrace” is a term used for early types domesticated animals, including dogs, where isolated populations of dogs are selected according to human goals; developing over time rather than through modern breeding techniques.[30] An example of a landrace dog would be the dog described as ‘Basset’ as early as 1585.[31] The landrace Basset was developed into the modern breeds of Dachshund and Basset Hound, as well as modern day terrier breeds.[32]
Another group of dogs that may be mistaken for breeds are the progeny of intentional crossbreedings of two purebred dogs. The popularity of these crosses are often the result of fads. Examples include the Puggle and the Labradoodle.[33]
Mixed breed dogs may be offered a form of registration to allow them to participate in organized dog events. Often given the name All-American or AMBOR dog, the name does not signify that dogs so registered are a breed. Dogs must be spayed or neutered to be registered.[34]
Individual dogs or small groups of dogs may use an existing breed name or be given an invented breed name and listed with little or no documentation for a fee with “registry” companies with minimal verification requirements. The dogs are then bred and marketed as a “registered” breed, sometimes as a “rare” or new breed of dogs.[35]
List
| Name/Name FCI | FCI No. | English Name | Picture | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Affenpinscher | 186 | Affenpinscher |  | |
| Afghan Hound | 228 | Afghan Hound |  | |
| Aidi | 247 | Aidi |  | |
| Airedale Terrier | 7 | Airedale Terrier |  | |
| Akita Inu | 255 | Akita Inu |  | |
| Alaskan Husky | Alaskan Husky |  | ||
| Alaskan Klee Kai | Alaskan Klee Kai |  | ||
| Alaskan Malamute | 243 | Alaskan Malamute |  | |
| Alpine Dachsbracke | 254 | Alpine Dachsbracke |  | |
| Altdeutscher Hütehund | Old German Cattledog |  | ||
| American Akita | 344 | American Akita |  | |
| American Bulldog | American Bulldog |  | ||
| American Cocker Spaniel | 167 | American Cocker Spaniel |  | |
| American Eskimo Dog | American Eskimo Dog |  | ||
| American Foxhound | 303 | American Foxhound |  | |
| American Hairless Terrier | American Hairless Terrier |  | ||
| American Pit Bull Terrier | American Pit Bull Terrier | .jpg) | ||
| American Staffordshire Terrier | 286 | American Staffordshire Terrier | ||
| American Toy Terrier | American Toy Terrier |  | ||
| American Water Spaniel | 301 | American Water Spaniel |  | |
| Anatolian Greyhound | Anatolian Greyhound | |||
| Anglo-Français de Petite Vénerie | 325 | Medium-sized Anglo-French Hound |  | |
| Appenzeller Sennenhund | 46 | Appenzeller Sennenhund |  | |
| Ariégeois | 20 | Ariege Hound |  | |
| Australian Cattle Dog | 287 | Australian Cattle Dog |  | |
| Australian Kelpie | 293 | Australian Kelpie |  | |
| Australian Shepherd | 342 | Australian Shepherd |  | |
| Australian Silky Terrier | 236 | Australian Silky Terrier |  | |
| Australian Stumpy Tail Cattle Dog | 251 | Australian Stumpy Tail Cattle Dog | ||
| Australian terrier | 8 | Australian terrier |  | |
| Azawakh | 307 | Azawakh |  | |
| Bangkaew Dog | Bangkaew Dog | |||
| Barbet | 105 | Barbet |  | |
Bardino, Perro de Ganado Majorero | Bardino |  | ||
| Basenji | 43 | Basenji |  | |
| Basset Artésien Normand | 34 | Norman Artesian Basset |  | |
| Basset Bleu de Gascogne | 35 | Blue Gascony Basset |  | |
| Basset Fauve de Bretagne | 36 | Fawn Brittany Basset |  | |
| Basset Hound | 163 | Basset Hound |  | |
| Bayerischer Gebirgsschweißhund | 217 | Bavarian Mountain Hound |  | |
| Beagle | 161 | Beagle |  | |
| Bearded Collie | 271 | Bearded Collie |  | |
| Beauceron | 44 | Beauceron |  | |
| Bedlington Terrier | 9 | Bedlington Terrier |  | |
Belgian Griffon (Griffons belges) | 80, 81, 82 | Brussels Griffon |  | |
| Bergamasco | 194 | Bergamasco |  | |
Berger Blanc Suisse, (Weißer Schweizer Schäferhund) | 347 | White Swiss Shepherd |  | |
| Berger Picard | 176 | Picardy Shepherd |  | |
| Berger des Pyrénées | 138 and 141 | Pyrenean Shepherd |  | |
Berner Sennenhund, Bouvier bernois, Bernenski pies pasterski | 45 | Bernese Mountain Dog |  | |
Bichon Frisé, Bichon à poil frisé | 215 | Bichon Frisé |  | |
| Bichon Havanais | 250 | Havanese |  | |
| Billy | 25 | Billy | ||
| Black and Tan Coonhound | 300 | Black and Tan Coonhound |  | |
| Tchiorny Terrier | 327 | Black Russian Terrier |  | |
| Blue Picardy Spaniel | 106 | Blue Picardy Spaniel |  | |
| Bluetick Coonhound | Bluetick Coonhound |  | ||
| Boerboel | Boerboel |  | ||
| Bohemian Spotted Dog | Bohemian Spotted Dog |  | ||
| Bichon bolonais | 196 | Bolognese |  | |
| Bolonka franzuska | Bolonka franzuska |  | ||
| Bolonka Zwetna |  | |||
| Border Collie | 297 | Border Collie |  | |
| Border Terrier | 10 | Border Terrier |  | |
| Borzoi | 193 | Borzoi |  | |
| Bosanski Ostrodlaki Gonic Barak | 155 | Bosnian Coarse-Haired Hound |  | |
| Boston Terrier | 140 | Boston Terrier |  | |
| Bouvier des Flandres | 191 | Bouvier des Flandres | ||
| Bouledogue Français | 101 | French Bulldog |  | |
| Boykin Spaniel | Boykin Spaniel |  | ||
| Braque francais type Pyrenees | 134 | French Pointing Dog – Pyrenean type |  | |
| Bracco Italiano | 202 | Bracco Italiano |  | |
| Brandlbracke | 63 | Austrian Black and Tan Hound |  | |
| Braque d’ Auvergne | 180 | Auvergne Pointing Dog |  | |
| Braque du Bourbonnais | 179 | Bourbonnais Pointing Dog |  | |
| Braque Saint-Germain | 177 | Braque Saint-Germain |  | |
Briard, Berger de Brie | 113 | Briard |  | |
| Briquet Griffon Vendeen | 19 | Medium Vendeen Griffon |  | |
| Broholmer | 315 | Broholmer |  | |
| Bulldog | 149 | Bulldog |  | |
| Bull Terrier | 11 | Bull Terrier |  | |
| Bullmastiff | 157 | Bullmastiff | ||
Ca de Bou fr: dogue de Majorque | 249 | Majorca Mastiff |  | |
| Ca de Bestiar | 321 | Majorca Shepherd Dog |  | |
| Cairn Terrier | 4 | Cairn Terrier |  | |
| Can de Palleiro | Galician Palleiro Dog, Palleiro Shepherd Dog, Galician Cattledog, Palleiro |  | ||
| Canaan Dog | 273 | Canaan Dog |  | |
| Canadian Inuit Dog | Canadian Inuit Dog, Canadian Eskimo Dog |  | ||
| Cane Corso Italiano | 343 | Cane Corso, Italian Corso Dog | .jpg) | |
| Cane da pastore Maremmano-Abbruzzese | 201 | Maremma and Abruzzes Sheepdog |  | |
| Cane pecoraio siciliano | Sicilian Sheepdog |  | ||
Caniche, Pudel, | 172 | Poodle |  | |
| Cão de Ãgua Português | 37 | Portuguese Water Dog |  | |
| Cão Fila de São Miguel | 340 | Azores Cattle Dog |  | |
| Cao de Serra de Aires | 93 | Portuguese Sheepdog |  | |
| Caravan hound | Caravan Hound |  | ||
| Carolina Dog | Carolina Dog |  | ||
| Catahoula Leopard Dog | Catahoula Leopard Dog |  | ||
| Catahoula Bulldog | Catahoula Bulldog |  | ||
| Caucasian Ovcharka | 328 | Caucasian Ovcharka, Caucasian Mountain Dog |  | |
| Cavalier King Charles Spaniel | 136 | Cavalier King Charles Spaniel |  | |
| Central Asian Shepherd Dog | 335 | Central Asia Shepherd Dog |  | |
| Český fousek | 245 | Bohemian wire-haired Pointing Griffon |  | |
| Český Teriér | 246 | Czech Terrier |  | |
| Cierny Sery |  | |||
ÄŒeskoslovenský vlÄiak, Tschechoslowakischer Wolfhund | 332 | Czechoslovakian Wolfdog |  | |
| Chart Polski | 333 | Polish Greyhound, Polish Sighthound |  | |
| Chesapeake Bay Retriever | 263 | Chesapeake Bay Retriever |  | |
Chien de Montagne des Pyrénées, Patou | 137 | Pyrenean Mountain Dog |  | |
| Chien de Berger Belge, Groenendael | 15 | Belgian Shepherd Groenendael |  | |
| Chien de Berger Belge, Laekenois | 15 | Belgian Shepherd Laekenois |  | |
| Chien de Berger, Malinois | 15 | Belgian Shepherd Malinois |  | |
| Chien de Berger Belge, Tervuren | 15 | Belgian Shepherd Tervuren |  | |
| Cão da serra da Estrela | 173 | Estrela Mountain Dog |  | |
| Cao de castro laboreiro | 170 | Portuguese Cattle Dog |  | |
| Chien de Saint-Hubert | 84 | Bloodhound |  | |
| Chien d’Artois | 28 | Artois Hound | ||
| Chihuahua | 218 | Chihuahua |  | |
| Chinese Crested Dog | 288 | Chinese Crested Dog |  | |
| Chinook | Chinook |  | ||
| Chodský pes | Bohemian Shepherd |  | ||
| Chortaj |  | |||
| Chow Chow | 205 | Chow Chow |  | |
| Ciobanesc Românesc Carpatin | 350 | Romanian Carpathian Shepherd Dog |  | |
| Ciobanesc Romanesc de Bucovina | 357 | Romanian de Bucovina Shepherd Dog |  | |
| Ciobanesc Romanesc Mioritic | 349 | Romanian Mioritic Shepherd Dog |  | |
| Cirneco dell’Etna | 199 | Cirneco dell’Etna |  | |
| Clumber Spaniel | 109 | Clumber Spaniel |  | |
| Çoban Köpeği | 331 | Anatolian Shepherd Dog |  | |
| Cockapoo | Cockapoo |  | ||
| Continental Toy Spaniel Papillon | 77 | Papillon |  | |
| Coton de Tulear | 283 | Coton de Tulear |  | |
| Crete Hound | Cretan Hound |  | ||
| Cursinu | Cursinu |  | ||
| Curly Coated Retriever | 110 | Curly Coated Retriever |  | |
Dachshund, Dackel, Teckel | 148 | Dachshund |  | |
Dalmatiner Dalmatinac | 153 | Dalmatian |  | |
| Dandie Dinmont Terrier | 168 | Dandie Dinmont Terrier |  | |
| Dansk-Svensk Gaardshund | 356 | Danish/Swedish Farm Dog |  | |
| Deerhound | 164 | Deerhound |  | |
| Deutsche Bracke | 299 | German Hound |  | |
| Deutscher Boxer | 144 | Boxer |  | |
| Deutsche Dogge | 235 | Great Dane |  | |
| Deutsch-Langhaar | 117 | German Longhaired Pointer |  | |
| Deutsch Stichelhaar | 232 | German Rough-haired Pointing Dog |  | |
Deutscher Pinscher fr:Pinscher allemand | 184 | German Pinscher |  | |
| Deutscher Spitz | 97 | German Spitz |  | |
| Deutscher Wachtel | 104 | German Spaniel |  | |
| Deutsch Kurzhaar | 119 | German Shorthaired Pointer |  | |
Deutscher Schäferhund, | 166 | German Shepherd Dog |  | |
| Deutsch Drahthaar | 98 | German Wirehaired Pointer |  | |
| Do-Khyi | 230 | Tibetan Mastiff |  | |
| Dobermann | 143 | Doberman Pinscher |  | |
| Dogo Argentino | 292 | Argentine Dogo |  | |
| Dogo Canario | 346 | Canary Dog |  | |
| Dogue de Bordeaux | 116 | Dogue de Bordeaux, French Mastiff |  | |
| Drentse Patrijshond | 224 | Dutch Partridge Dog |  | |
| Drever | 130 | Drever |  | |
| Dunker | 203 | Norwegian Hound |  | |
| Elo | Elo |  | ||
| English cocker spaniel | 5 | English Cocker Spaniel |  | |
| English Coonhound | English Coonhound |  | ||
| English Foxhound | 159 | English Foxhound |  | |
| English-Springer-Spaniel | 125 | English Springer Spaniel |  | |
| English Pointer | 1 | Pointer |  | |
English Setter Setter anglais | 2 | English Setter |  | |
| English Toy Terrier | 13 | English Toy Terrier, King Charles Spaniel |  | |
| Entlebucher Sennenhund | 47 | Entelbuch Mountain Dog |  | |
| Epagneul Breton | 95 | Brittany |  | |
| Epagneul Français | 175 | French Spaniel |  | |
| Epagneul Picard | 108 | Picardy Spaniel |  | |
| Epagneul de Pont-Audemer | 114 | Pont Audemer Spaniel |  | |
| Erdélyi Kopó | 241 | Transylvanian Hound |  | |
| Eurasier | 291 | Eurasier |  | |
| Fila Brasileiro | 225 | Brazilian Mastiff |  | |
| Flat Coated Retriever | 121 | Flat-Coated Retriever |  | |
| Fox Terrier | 12 and 169 | Fox Terrier |  | |
Galgo español fr:lévrier espagnol | 285 | Spanish Greyhound |  | |
| Gammel Dansk Hønsehund | 281 | Old Danish Pointer |  | |
| Glen of Imaal Terrier | 302 | Glen of Imaal Terrier |  | |
| Golden Retriever | 111 | Golden Retriever |  | |
| Gończy Polski | 354 | Polish Hunting Dog, Polish Scenthound |  | |
Gordon Setter fr:Setter gordon | 6 | Gordon Setter |  | |
| Gos-d’Atura-Catala | 87 | Catalan Sheepdog |  | |
| Grand anglo-français tricolore | 322 | Great Anglo-French Tricolour Hound |  | |
| Grand anglo-français blanc et orange | 324 | Great Anglo-French White and Orange Hound |  | |
| Grand anglo-français blanc et noir | 323 | Great Anglo-French White and Black Hound |  | |
| Grand Basset Griffon Vendéen | 33 | Large Vendeen Griffon Basset |  | |
| Grand Griffon Vendeen | 282 |  | ||
| Grand Bleu de Gascogne | 22 | Great Gascony Hound, Great Gascony Blue |  | |
| Grønlandshund | 274 | Greenland Dog |  | |
| Greyhound | 158 | Greyhound |  | |
| Griffon Fauve de Bretagne | 66 | Fawn Brittany Griffon |  | |
| Griffon bleu de Gascogne | 32 | Blue Gascony Griffon |  | |
| Griffon d’arrêt à poil dur Korthals | 107 | Wirehaired Pointing Griffon, Korthals Griffon |  | |
| Griffon Nivernais | 17 | Griffon Nivernais |  | |
Grosser Schweizer Sennenhund fr:Grand bouvier Suisse | 58 | Greater Swiss Mountain Dog |  | |
| Haldenstovare | 267 | Halden Hound |  | |
| Hamiltonstövare | 132 | Hamilton Hound |  | |
| Hannoverscher Schweisshund | 213 | Hanover Hound |  | |
| Harrier | 295 | Harrier |  | |
| Hellinikos Ichnilatis | 214 | Hellenic Hound |  | |
| Hokkaido (dog) | 261 | Hokkaido inu |  | |
| Hollandse Herdershond | 223 | Dutch Shepherd Dog |  | |
| Hollandse Smoushond | 308 | Dutch Smoushond |  | |
| Hovawart | 190 | Hovawart |  | |
| Hrvatski ovÄar | 277 | Croatian Sheepdog |  | |
| Ioujnorousskaîa Ovtcharka | 326 | South Russian Ovcharka |  | |
| Huntaway | Huntaway |  | ||
| Irish Red and White Setter | 330 | Irish Red and White Setter |  | |
| Irish Setter | 120 | Irish Setter |  | |
| Irish Soft Coated Wheaten Terrier | 40 | Soft-Coated Wheaten Terrier |  | |
| Irish Terrier | 139 | Irish Terrier |  | |
| Irish Water Spaniel | 124 | Irish Water Spaniel |  | |
| Irish Wolfhound | 160 | Irish Wolfhound |  | |
Islenskur Fjárhundur fr:Chien de berger islandais | 289 | Icelandic Sheepdog |  | |
| Istarski Kratkodlaki GoniÄ | 151 | Istrian short-haired Hound |  | |
| Istarski OÅ¡trodlaki GoniÄ | 152 | Istrian coarse-haired Hound |  | |
| Jack Russell Terrier | 345 | Jack Russell Terrier |  | |
| Jagdterrier | 103 | German Hunting Terrier |  | |
| Jämthund | 42 | Swedish Elkhound |  | |
| Japanese Chin | 206 | Japanese Chin, Japanese Spaniel |  | |
| Kai (dog) | 317 | Kai |  | |
| Karakatschan | Karakatschan |  | ||
| Karjalankarhukoira | 48 | Karelian bear dog |  | |
Karelo-Finnish Laika, Finlandskaja, Karelskaja → Suomenpystykorva (Finnish Spitz) | 49 | Karelo-Finnish Laika |  | |
| KraÅ¡ki ovÄar | 278 | Karst Shepherd |  | |
| Kerry Blue Terrier | 3 | Kerry Blue Terrier | ||
| Kintamani | Kintamani |  | ||
| King Charles Spaniel | 128 | King Charles Spaniel |  | |
| Kishu Inu | 318 | Kishu |  | |
| Komondor | 53 | Komondor |  | |
| Kooikerhondje | 314 | Kooikerhondje |  | |
| Korean Jindo | 334 | Korean Jindo |  | |
Kritikos Lagonikos, Kretahund | Kretahound | | ||
| Kromfohrlander | 192 | Kromfohrlander |  | |
| Kuvasz | 54 | Kuvasz |  | |
| Kyi Leo |  | |||
| Labradoodle | Labradoodle |  | ||
| Labrador Retriever | 122 | Labrador Retriever |  | |
| Lagotto Romagnolo | 298 | Lagotto Romagnolo |  | |
| Lakeland Terrier | 70 | Lakeland Terrier |  | |
| Lancashire Heeler | Lancashire Heeler |  | ||
| Landseer | 226 | Landseer |  | |
| Lapinporokoira | 284 | Lapinporokoira, Lapponian Herder |  | |
| Leonberger | 145 | Leonberger |  | |
| Lhasa Apso | 227 | Lhasa Apso |  | |
| Lucas Terrier | Lucas Terrier |  | ||
| Lundehund | 265 | Norwegian Lundehund |  | |
| Lupo Italiano |  | |||
| Lurcher | Lurcher |  | ||
Maltese, bichon maltais | 65 | Maltese |  | |
| Magyar Agar | 240 | Hungarian Greyhound |  | |
| Magyar Vizsla | 57, 239 | Hungarian Vizsla |  | |
| Manchester Terrier | 71 | Manchester Terrier |  | |
| Maneto |  | |||
| Markiesje | Dutch Tulip Dog |  | ||
| Mastiff | 264 | Mastiff |  | |
| MastÃn del Pirineo | 92 | Pyrenean Mastiff |  | |
MastÃn español fr:mâtin espagnol | 91 | Spanish Mastiff |  | |
| Middleasian greyhound – Tazi | Middleasian greyhound – Tazi |  | ||
| Miniature Australian Shepherd | Miniature Australian Shepherd |  | ||
| Miniature Pinscher | 185 | Miniature Pinscher |  | |
| Miniature Shar Pei | Miniature Shar Pei |  | ||
| Moscow Watchdog | Moscow Watchdog |  | ||
Large Münsterländer/Small Münsterländer | 102 and 118 | Munsterlander |  | |
| Mudi | 238 | Mudi |  | |
| Neapolitan Mastiff | 197 | Neapolitan Mastiff |  | |
| Newfoundland | 50 | Newfoundland |  | |
Nihon Supittsu Japanischer/Japanese Spitz, | 262 | Japanese Spitz |  | |
| Norrbottenspets | 276 | Nordic Spitz |  | |
| Norsk Buhund | 237 | Norwegian Buhund |  | |
| Norsk Elghund | 242 and 268 | Norwegian Elkhound |  | |
| Norfolkterrier | 272 | Norfolk Terrier |  | |
| Norwichterrier | 72 | Norwich Terrier |  | |
| Nova Scotia Duck Tolling Retriever | 312 | Nova Scotia Duck-Tolling Retriever |  | |
| Ogar Polski | 52 | Polish Hound |  | |
| Olde English Bulldogge | Olde English Bulldogge |  | ||
Old English Sheepdog, Bobtail | 16 | Old English Sheepdog |  | |
| Österreichischer Pinscher | 64 | Austrian Pinscher |  | |
| Otterhound | 294 | Otterhound |  | |
| Parson Russell Terrier | 339 | Parson Russell Terrier |  | |
| Pastor Garafiano | Garafiano Shepherd |  | ||
| Patterdale terrier | Patterdale terrier |  | ||
| Piccolo Levriero Italiano | 200 | Italian Greyhound |  | |
| Pekingese | 207 | Pekingese |  | |
| Perro de Agua Español | 336 | Spanish Water Dog |  | |
| Cimarrón Uruguayo | 353 | Cimarron |  | |
| Perro Pastor Vasco | Basque Shepherd Dog |  | ||
| Perro sin pelo del Perú | 310 | Peruvian Hairless Dog |  | |
| Petit Basset Griffon Vendéen | 67 | Petit Basset Griffon Vendeen |  | |
| Petit bleu de Gascogne | 31 | Small Blue Gascony Hound |  | |
| Petit chien lion | 233 | Löwchen |  | |
Pharaoh Hound Kelb Tal Fenek | 248 | Pharaoh Hound |  | |
| Plott Hound | Plott Hound |  | ||
| Plummer Terrier | Plummer Terrier |  | ||
| Podenco andaluz | Andalusian Hound |  | ||
| Podenco Canario | 329 | Canarian Warren Hound |  | |
Podenco Ibicenco Ibizan Podenco | 89 | Ibizan Hound |  | |
Podengo Português Portuguese Podengo | 94 | Portuguese Podengo |  | |
| Poitevin | 24 | Poitevin |  | |
Polski Owczarek Nizinny, PON, Nizinny | 251 | Polish Lowland Sheepdog |  | |
| Polski Owczarek Podhalanski | 252 | Tatra Shepherd Dog |  | |
| Porcelaine | 30 | Porcelaine |  | |
| Perdigueiro Português | 187 | Portuguese Pointer |  | |
| Pražský krysaÅ™Ãk | Prague Ratter |  | ||
| Pudelpointer | 216 | Pudelpointer |  | |
Pug fr:carlin | 253 | Pug |  | |
| Puli | 55 | Puli |  | |
| Pumi | 56 | Pumi |  | |
| Rampur Hound | Rampur Hound |  | ||
| Rat Terrier | Rat Terrier |  | ||
| Rafeiro do Alentejo | 96 | Alentejo Mastiff |  | |
| Rajapalayam_(dog) | Rajapalayam Hound |  | ||
| Ratonero Andaluz | Andalusian Mouse-Hunting Dog |  | ||
| Redbone Coonhound | Redbone Coonhound |  | ||
Rhodesian Ridgeback fr:Chien de Rhodésie à crête dorsale | 146 | Rhodesian Ridgeback |  | |
| Rottweiler | 147 | Rottweiler |  | |
| Rough coated collie | 156 | Rough Collie |  | |
| Russian Spaniel | Russian Spaniel |  | ||
| Russo-European Laika | 304 | Russo-European Laika |  | |
| Russkiy Toy | 352 | Russian Toy Terrier |  | |
| Saarlooswolfhond | 311 | Saarlooswolfhond |  | |
| Samoiedskaïa Sabaka | 212 | Samoyed |  | |
| Saluki | 269 | Saluki |  | |
| Sarplaninac | 41 | Sarplaninac |  | |
| Schapendoes | 313 | Dutch Schapendoes |  | |
| Schiller Hound | 131 | Schiller Hound |  | |
| Schipperke | 83 | Schipperke |  | |
| Sealyham Terrier | 74 | Sealyham Terrier |  | |
| Shetland Sheepdog | 88 | Shetland Sheepdog |  | |
| Scottish Terrier | 73 | Scottish Terrier |  | |
| Schnauzer | 181, 182 and 183 | Schnauzer |  | |
| Segugio italiano | 198, 337 | Italian Hound |  | |
| Shar-Pei | 309 | Shar Pei, Chinese Shar-Pei |  | |
| Shiba Inu | 257 | Shiba Inu |  | |
| Shih-Poo | Shih-Poo |  | ||
| Shih-Tzu | 208 | Shih Tzu |  | |
| Shikoku | 319 | Shikoku |  | |
| Shiloh shepherd | Shiloh Shepherd |  | ||
| Siberian Husky | 270 | Siberian Husky |  | |
| Silken Windhound | Silken Windhound |  | ||
| Skye Terrier | 75 | Skye Terrier |  | |
| Slovenský kopov | 244 | Slovakian Hound | .jpg) | |
| Slovenský hrubosrstý stavaÄ | 320 | Slovakian Wire-haired Pointing Dog |  | |
| Slovensky Cuvac | 142 | Slovakian Chuvach |  | |
| Spinone Italiano | 165 | Spinone Italiano |  | |
| Sloughi | 188 | Sloughi |  | |
| Smaland-Stövare | 129 | Smalands Hound |  | |
| Smooth coated collie | 296 | Smooth Collie |  | |
| Srpski Gonic | 150 | Serbian Hound |  | |
| Srpski Trobojni Gonic | 229 | Serbian Tricolour Hound |  | |
| Stabyhoun | 222 | Stabyhoun |  | |
| Staffordshire Bull Terrier | 76 | Staffordshire Bull Terrier |  | |
St. Bernhardshund, Bernhadiner | 61 | St. Bernard dog |  | |
| Steirische Rauhhaarbracke | 62 | Styrian coarse-haired Hound |  | |
| Suomenajokoira | 51 | Finnish Hound |  | |
| Suomenlapinkoira | 189 | Finnish Lapphund |  | |
| Suomenpystykorva | 49 | Finnish Spitz |  | |
| Sussex Spaniel | 127 | Sussex Spaniel |  | |
| Svensk Lapphund | 135 | Swedish Lapphund |  | |
Schweizerischer Niederlaufhund, Petit chien courant suisse | 60 | Small Swiss Hound |  | |
| Schweizer Laufhund | 59 | Swiss Hound | .JPG) | |
| Taigan | Taigan |  | ||
Taiwan Dog, Formosan Dog | 348 | Taiwan Dog |  | |
| Tamaskan | Tamaskan Dog |  | ||
| Terrier Brasileiro | 341 | Brazilian Terrier |  | |
| Tesem | Tesem |  | ||
| Tibetan Spaniel | 231 | Tibetan Spaniel |  | |
| Tornjak | 355 | Bosnian -Herzegovinian -Croatian Shepherd Dog |  | |
| Tosa inu | 260 | Tosa Inu, Tosa |  | |
| Toy Manchester Terrier | Toy Manchester Terrier |  | ||
| Treeing Walker Coonhound | Treeing Walker Coonhound |  | ||
| Thai-Ridgeback | 338 | Thai Ridgeback |  | |
Tibetan terrier Dhoki Apso | 209 | Tibetan Terrier |  | |
| Tiroler Bracke | 68 | Tyrolean Hound |  | |
| Västgötaspets | 14 | Swedish Vallhund |  | |
| Volpino | 195 | Volpino Italiano |  | |
| Vostotchno-Sibirskaïa Laïka | 305 | East Siberian Laika |  | |
| Waeller | Waeller |  | ||
| Weimaraner | 99 | Weimaraner |  | |
| Welsh Corgi Cardigan | 38 | Welsh Corgi (Cardigan) |  | |
| Welsh Corgi Pembroke | 39 | Welsh Corgi (Pembroke) |  | |
| Welsh Springer Spaniel | 126 | Welsh Springer Spaniel |  | |
| Welsh Terrier | 78 | Welsh Terrier |  | |
| West Highland White Terrier | 85 | West Highland White Terrier |  | |
| Westfalenterrier | Westfal Terrier |  | ||
| Westphälische Dachsbracke | 100 | Westphalian Dachsbracke |  | |
Wetterhond, | 221 | Wetterhond |  | |
| Whippet | 162 | Whippet |  | |
| White English Bulldog | White English Bulldog |  | ||
| Xoloitzcuintli | 234 | Xoloitzcuintle, Mexican Hairless Dog |  | |
| Yakutian Laika | Yakutian Laika |  | ||
| Yorkshire terrier | 86 | Yorkshire terrier |  | |
| Zapadno-Sibirskaïa Laïka | 306 | West Siberian Laika |  | |
Images
Anatolian Shepherd Dog
Catahoula Leopard Dog
Chesapeake Bay Retriever
Curly-coated Retriever
Flat-coated Retriever
German Shepherd Dog
Golden Retriever
Labrador Retriever
Murray River Curly-coated Retriever
Nova Scotia Duck Tolling Retriever
Old English Sheepdog
Pyrenean Shepherd
Rafeiro Do Alentejo
Saint Bernard
Greater Swiss Mountain Dog
See also
References
^ Webster’s Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged. The Merriam-Webster Editorial Staff PA. Springfield, Massachusetts, USA: G&C Merriam Company. 1967. p. 274. “A breed is a group of domestic animals related through common ancestors and visibly similar in most characteristics, having been differentiated from others by human influence; a distinctive group of domesticated animals differentiated from the wild type under the influence of man, the sum of the progeny of a known and designated foundation stock without admixture of other blood.”
^ Coppinger, Raymond & Lorna Coppinger. Dogs. Scribner 2001, ISBN 0-684-85530-5, Chapter 3, “Natural Breeds”, p. 85. “Natural breeds can arise locally with no human interaction”
^ Donna L. Morden; Seranne, Ann; Wendell J. Sammet; Gasow, Julia (2004). The joy of breeding your own show dog. New York, N.Y: Howell Book House. ISBNÂ 0-7645-7302-0.
^ Lynn Marmer (1984). “The New Breed Of Municipal Dog Control Laws:Are They Constitutional?”. first published in the University of Cincinnati Law Review. Retrieved 04/10 2008. “The court found it was impossible to identify the breed of an unregistered dog.”
^ Webster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary: “Breed is usually applied to domestic animals; species or variety to wild animals and to plants; and race to men.”
^ Budiansky”, Stephen (2000). The Truth About Dogs; an Inquiry into the Ancestry, Social Conventions, Mental Habits, and Moral Fiber of Canis familiaris. New York, U.S.A.: Viking Penguin. p. 35. ISBN 0-670-89272-6.
^ http://info.sen.ca.gov/pub/07-08/bill/asm/ab_1601-1650/ab_1634_bill_20070531_amended_asm_v94.html
^ http://www.akc.org/canine_legislation/CA_action_center.cfm
^ “Canine Genetics Offers New Mechanisms for the Study of Human Cancer”, by Edouard Cadieu and Elaine A. Ostrander, Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention 16, 2181–2183, November 1, 2007. Published Online First November 2, 2007; doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-07-2667
^ Allan, Ken; Allan, Diana (1999). THE COMPLETE SALUKI (Book of the Breed). Ringpress Books. ISBNÂ 1-86054-195-X.
^ Heather Wiles-Fone; H. Wiles-Fone (2003). The ultimate Labrador retriever. New York, N.Y: Howell Book House. ISBNÂ 0-7645-2639-1.
^ The Complete dog book: the photograph, history, and official standard of every breed admitted to AKC registration, and the selection, training, breeding, care, and feeding of pure-bred dogs. New York, N.Y: Howell Book House. 1992. ISBNÂ 0-87605-464-5.
^ Carles Vilà (et al.) of the University of California, California, USA, has studied archaeological evidence (fossil bones) indicating that canids could have been living with humans 100,000 years ago.“Multiple and Ancient Origins of the Domestic Dog”. Science Vol. 276. no. 5319. 1997. pp. 1687–1689. doi:10.1126/science.276.5319.1687. Retrieved 04/20 2008. “The sequence divergence within this clade suggested that dogs originated more than 100,000 years before the present.”
^ Christine Mlot (June 28, 1997). “Stalking the Ancient Dog”. Science News Online. Retrieved 04/20 2008. “When we became an agricultural society, what we needed dogs for changed enormously, and a further and irrevocable division [between dogs and wolves] occurred at that point.”
^ 1 Catherine Marley. “What is a “Landrace”". The Lhasa Apso Information Source. Archived from the original on 12/04/2008. Retrieved 04/08 2008. “These animals developed their “type” from adaptation to a mix of function and the demands of the particular physical environment.”
^ Johan Gallant; Joseph Sithole (1999-01-01). “Description of the AFRICANIS landrace”. Breeders in Africa website. Retrieved 04/08 2008. “The people to whom these dogs traditionally belong do not tend to make body contact with them. However their settlements are seldom deserted from humans, other dogs and livestock, ensuring adequate socialization and environmental adaptation.”
^ The International Encyclopedia of Dogs. New York: Howell Book House. 1995. p. 8. ISBN 0-87605-624-9. “In the strictest sense, dog breeds date back only to the last couple of decades of the nineteenth century, or to more recent decades in this (the twentieth) century but distinct types of dogs have existed centuries earlier.”
^ D. Phillip Sponenberg, DVM. “Livestock Guard Dogs: What is a Breed, and Why Does it Matter?” (essay). Kangal Dogs website. Archived from the original on 20/10/2004. Retrieved 04/08/2004. “The level of uniformity varies from breed to breed as the breeders’ associations decide what to include and what to exclude.”
^ Diane Jessup. “”Different” breeds with the same name”. Retrieved 04/09 2008.
^ “Animal Pedigree Act 1985″. Department of Justice, Canada. Retrieved 04/09 2008.
^ Diane Blackman. “Getting a dog tips-Red Flags, Breeders you probably want to avoid” (website). Dog Play. Retrieved 04/09 2008. “Be especially cautious of registries that complain of some imagined difficulty or expense in registering dogs through AKC.”
^ “Purebred dog registrations”. Canadian Federation of Humane Societies. Retrieved 04/09 2008. “Many puppy mills and backyard breeders are registering their dogs with invalid, Internet based registries.”
^ a b c d e Ostrander, Elaine A. (September–October 2007). “Genetics and the Shape of Dogs; Studying the new sequence of the canine genome shows how tiny genetic changes can create enormous variation within a single species”. American Scientist (online). www.americanscientist.org. pp. also see chart page 4. Retrieved 09/22 2008.
^ The Akita breed was left out of the American Scientist article from the reference cited within it without explanation. With Akita, the number of breeds is 85, matching the article’s count. Parker, Heidi G.; et al. (21 May 2004). “Genetic Structure of the Purebred Domestic Dog” (PDF). Science 304 (5674): 1160–1164. doi:10.1126/science.1097406. PMID 15155949. Retrieved 20 May 2009.
^ American Kennel Club. “AKC Glossary”. AKC.com. Retrieved 03/26 2008. “A listing of dogs that have sired or produced a litter that has been registered with the AKC. With this information, a person can use Stud Book volumes to trace a dog’s lineage and to produce pedigrees.”
^ American Kennel Club. “AKC Glossary”. AKC.com. Retrieved 03/26 2008. “A dog whose sire and dam belong to the same breed and who are themselves of unmixed descent since recognition of the breed.”
^ KLUB CHOVATELÙ ÈESKÃCH TERIÉRÙ (KCHCT). “History of Cesky Terrier” (in Czech, English). Retrieved 03/26 2008.
^ Rorem, Linda. “Herding Dog Breeds – Stockdog breeds”. Herding on the Web. Retrieved 03/26 2008.
^ “How to find a farm collie or shepherd”. 2001. Retrieved 2008-03-27.
^ Don Bixby (2003). “Types of Breeds”. Retrieved 2008-03-27.
^ Don Bixby (2003). “History of the Basset Hound”. BassetHoundRescue.com. Retrieved 2008-03-27.
^ Marvin, John T. (1982). “2″. The New Complete Scottish terrier (Second ed.). New York, New York: Howell Book House Inc. p. 18. ISBN 0-87605-306-1.
^ Trivedi, Bijal (February 9, 2004). “What’s a Labradoodle—Designer Dog or Just Another Mutt?”. National Geographic Channel. Retrieved 03/26 2008. More than one of|author=and|last=specified (help)
^ United Kennel Club. “UKC Registration, Limited Privilege”. Retrieved 03/26 2008.
^ Wray, Michelle (2000). “Puppy Mills : What They Are and What You Can Do About Them”. DORG Magazine. Retrieved 2008-03-26. “The AKC has now started requiring DNA testing for breeding dogs and puppies, which increases the costs to the miller dramatically, and vastly increases the chances of them getting caught for their dirty dealings and losing AKC privileges. Does this deter the millers? Not really. They just turn to different registries, like the Continental Kennel Club (CKC), America’s Pet Registry (APR), and others. Purebred papers from these sources are not worth the paper they’re printed on. Millers don’t even have to prove they own the dogs they bred, or that they are the breed they claim. These registries will even register mixed breeds”
External links
Fédération Cynologique Internationale breeds nomenclature, lists 339 dog breeds in 78 groups
Dog breed at the Open Directory Project
Dog Breed Characteristics will give you an historical overview of dog breeds.
Small Dog Breeds Provides resource and information about dogs including photos and details about small breeds caring.
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